Hacking Chinese

A better way of learning Mandarin

Free and easy audio flashcards for Chinese dictation practice with Anki

A poll I did a few years ago here on Hacking Chinese revealed that listening ability was perceived as the hardest skill when learning Mandarin. That might come as a surprise to beginners, who think that learning characters is surely the most difficult aspect of the language, but listening is probably considered more difficult because native speakers talk fast, with varying accents and without a built-in repeat button.

Identifying spoken words and phrases is also a very common element in formal Chinese language education: the dreaded 听写/聽寫 (tīngxiě, “dictation” or literally “listen, write”).

Practising dictation on your own used to be difficult. Sure, if you had a friendly native speaker who could quiz you or had access to the audio to your textbook and didn’t mind spending hours creating audio flashcards, it could be done, but there are obvious problems with both approaches.

Today, though, it is both easy and free. In this article, I will show you how to practise for your听写/聽寫 with Anki! If you want to know more about Anki and spaced repetition in general, I suggest you read this article first.

Free and easy audio flashcards for Chinese dictation practice with Anki

Before we go any further, let’s have a look at what we want to achieve. Here’s a video I recorded on my phone after going through the process described in this article:

As you can see (and hear), these are simple audio flashcards that will make sure you nail every 听写/聽寫 coming your way. It’s also great if you want to review Chinese without staring at your phone or for basic listening practice in general.

To achieve this, you only need a computer and a phone. You can probably get away without using the computer, but I prefer to create cards and manage my decks on a big screen. You can also do without the phone if you want to study in a web browser. Please note that Anki is free on all platforms except iOS, where it currently costs $25 (one-time purchase).

This guide was done on a Macbook (most screenshots) and a OnePlus 6 (the video above). The process might look slightly different on your systems, but it should be mostly the same. The Anki version being used is 2.1.9.

Please note that this article is not meant to teach you the ins and outs of how Anki works. It is an extremely powerful piece of software that can do almost anything you want in terms of flashcards, but that’s beyond the scope of this article! If you want a more in-depth discussion about flashcards, see the discussion starting in this article:

How to best use flashcards to learn Chinese

Setting up Anki correctly

  1. Download Anki to your computer
  2. Create a new user if you don’t already have one
  3. Install the add-on Chinese Support Redux v0.10.00
    1. Tools menu
    2. Add-ons
    3. Get Add-ons
    4. Browse Add-ons
    5. Find Chinese Support Redux v0.10.00
    6. Copy the number (scroll down, or 1128979221)
    7. Download
  4. Restart Anki

Adding vocabulary to Anki

As I said in the beginning, this is not meant to be a complete guide to Anki, so if you want more details about the inner workings of the app and how this actually works, please check the manual, which is very extensive.

Below, I will go through how to add cards, but Anki has a powerful import function and many shared decks that you can use as well. Please note that the auto-fill used here is a feature of the Chinese Support add-on, and is not a basic Anki feature.

I will cover the case of students who already use Anki later.

  1. Add (top menu)
  2. Make sure Type in the top left is set to “Chinese (Basic)”
  3. Enable Chinese support (toggle on the right; see picture above)
  4. Type or paste characters
    Example: 解密中文
  5. Press tab to go to the next field
  6. The remaining fields should now be filled automatically
  7. Check the result and fix any issues
  8. Make sure the field Sound is not empty
    Example: [sound:解密中文_baidu_zh.mp3]
  9. Add

Before we go any further, let’s verify that there is audio. The easiest way to do this is to just start studying (go to the main screen, click the default deck and select study now). The audio will by default be part of the answer, not the question, so the automatically generated audio should only play once you reveal the reverse side of the flashcard. The next step is to fix that.

Setting up the audio flashcards

Anki is based on Notes, which refers to the facts you entered when you created your note above (character, meaning, reading and so on; all of that makes up one single note). Anki then generated one or more flashcards for you, based on that note. We now need to tell Anki to create the type of cards we want. As we saw, the default is to show Pinyin on the front side and the rest on the reverse side. We want audio on the front side and everything else on the other side.

Here’s how to do it:

  1. Tools menu
  2. Manage Note Types
  3. Chinese (Basic)
  4. Cards (on the right)

This will take you to a screen that will probably confuse you at first. Don’t worry; we only need to do a couple of things here. We need to add the spoken audio to the flashcard. Add…

{{Sound}}

…on a new line to Front Template and, optionally, to Back Template too. Adding it to the front template means it will play before the answer is revealed, which is what we want. If you want it to play again as reinforcement when the answer is revealed, add it to the back template as well. This set-up was used in the video above.

As we don’t want the Pinyin to show up on the front of the card, we also need to remove:

{{Reading}}

…from Front Template.

There are many more things you can do in this dialogue, but as I’ve said a couple of times already, this isn’t meant to be a guide to Anki in general. There’s plenty out there on the web for the curious.

Before we’re done, do:

  1. Tools menu
  2. Check Database

You probably also want to sync with AnkiWeb, both for backup purposes and to keep your devices synchronised.  Click Sync to get started.

Congratulations! You now have audio flashcards you can study on your phone, your computer or even someone else’s computer. And good luck with your 听写/聽寫!

Below will follow some tips for students who use Anki, plus a discussion about text-to-speech engines.

Audio flashcards for students who already use Anki

If you already use Anki (and probably also the Chinese Support add-on), you can’t just go in and change the card generation, because it will mess up your existing cards. Instead, add a new card type. It can be somewhat tricky to understand exactly how Anki deals with notes, cards and so on, so I won’t go into details here as I’m no expert myself. Again, I refer to the manual!

However, I will say something about the add-on we’re using. Your notes need to have a field called Sound, Pronunciation or similar (check the plugin page). If you’ve added that field, but still have no audio in it for your cards, do:

  1. Chinese menu
  2. Fill Notes
  3. Fill Sound

This should return a dialogue that tells you that so and so many cards had missing sound and that it has been added. You might want to Check Database before you continue as well.

Hacking Chinese Tones: Speaking with confidence

If you’re struggling with tones in general and want a helping hand from someone who has been through all this, you can check out Hacking Chinese Tones: Speaking with Confidence, where I teach you the theory you need, the methods you should use to practice, along with high-quality audio recordings to mimic and clean tone diagrams to study.

This course also comes with an Anki deck with audio already attached, so if you want to practise your tones, check it out!

Text-to-speech engines in Anki

There are three options for text-to-speech (TTS) engines and you can switch between them by going to the Tools menu and selecting Set Speech Engine. The main point that makes this article possible is that they all work well enough to use for listening purposes (don’t use them for mimicking, though). That hasn’t always been the case!

The options are:

  1. Baidu Translate
  2. Google Mandarin (PRC)
  3. Google Mandarin (Taiwan)

The demo I made for this article was done using Baidu Translate. I have not conducted a serious comparison between these three, but you should check them out and see which one suits you best. There are other TTS engines available in Anki, too, but these three are the easiest to access because they come with the add-on. There is another add-on called AwesomeTTS, but it’s not compatible with Anki 2,1.

If you have other suggestions, please leave a comment! I would also like to hear what you think about the various TTS options.






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23 comments

  1. Michael says:

    Thank you, Olle! This is super-helpful. I’ve poked at Anki before and even purchased the Spoonfed Chinese deck, which is great. But this article helped me understand how to create a deck to support my studying for an upcoming dictation test in my Chinese 101 class, which is perfect! The Anki manual can be pretty daunting and I had no idea that add-ons even existed before this. This was a real eye-opener.

    1. Olle Linge says:

      Anki is great, but some things are very confusing, even if you know the basics already. How notes and cards work, how cards are generated and so on is all very complicated. I don’t think that’s because of bad design, it’s simply a consequence of having a program that can do almost anything. Other apps are easier, but you can’t do as much with them!

  2. Tasha says:

    Thank you Olle. I feel very stupid now. I was filling all the fields myself and recorder sound using google translate 🙂

    1. Olle Linge says:

      Well, at least you know how to do it now and don’t have to spend all that time from now on. 🙂

  3. Sam says:

    I like using audio flashcards on Anki, but I find I have much lower recall on audio cards that Hanzi cards, and it’s a lot harder to make use of memory hacks etc

    1. Olle Linge says:

      Yes, that’s understandable (expected, even)! There are many fewer sounds in Mandarin than there are characters, and characters have meaningful components. However, memory hacks have much less use for listening since speed is such a consideration. I would never advise someone to try to brute force character learning, but I kind of recommend that for listening. For a tricky character, it’s okay to think for five, ten seconds and then come up with the right answer derived from a mnemonic, but that simply doesn’t cut it for listening!

      1. Sam says:

        Yeah that’s been my plan, no hacks, just hacking away at it!

        Recently I’ve also been using full sentence audio flashcards to practice listening. Audio on the front, Hanzi on the back. If I need the English I hit E. Very generous settings for higher intervals, since I’m not remembering so much as practicing. I’ve found it’s quite effective.

  4. Michael Fitzhugh says:

    I’ve used the info in the article to make quite a few Anki notes since first reading it in February 2019. Just recently, I finally figured out how to use the Chinese Support Redux plugin’s Amazon Polly source for text-to-speech. Though the Google Mandarin (PRC) source is good, I think the Amazon Polly voice is even better! It’s a bit of a pain to set up, but if you’re able to wade through it, I’d advise giving it a try. As Olle rightly notes, these TTS sources still aren’t good for mimicking. But they are getting better all the time!

    1. Olle Linge says:

      Thanks for the update! Some day, I think I should do a comparison of the various TTS that are freely available and evaluate them from a language learning perspective.

      1. Michael Fitzhugh says:

        That would be super, Olle! As someone still figuring out proper pronunciation, it’d be helpful to know the relative strengths of each option. Though not available as an automated source for Anki, it’d be interesting to hear your take on the Baidu Translate TTS and the ups and downs of crowdsourced pronunciations, as available through Forvo and (probably?) other sources.

        1. Olle Linge says:

          Anki does have Baidu Translate for TTS, or at least my version of it has. I’d be rather careful with crowdsourced pronunciation unless diversity is the whole point. People speak very differently and unless those differences are the goal of your learning, then crowdsourcing is probably not a good idea.

    2. 杰里米 says:

      I prefer the Polly voice too…. main beef with the Google voice is it always pronounces shi as she. Polly does it right.

      1. Olle Linge says:

        I’m building up more and more reasons to do a thorough comparison of TTS for language learners. 🙂 The only thing that worries me is that it will be out of date quickly.

  5. 山姆 says:

    Note that the Redux Add-On is broken at the moment.

    There’s a work-around: https://github.com/luoliyan/chinese-support-redux/issues/169

    Sadly, it looks like the owners of the add-on are being quite slow to accept contributions from the community, but hopefully it doesn’t kill the add-on.

    If you do end up using the work-around, but you still don’t hear any google audio for some of your notes (created before applying the work-around), you might need to manually delete the empty audio files associated with these notes

    1. Olle Linge says:

      Thanks for sharing! I haven’t looked into this at all, but does it only affect Google’s TTS? Last time I checked I thought the Baidu one worked better, but maybe all the TTS engines are affected?

  6. 武文山 says:

    This is a good article and I’m a big fan of audio flashcards, but it might be worth updating it to take into account changes in the relevant software. AwesomeTTS has gone through a lot of changes and now supports more voices, with some additional complications such as requiring an API key, Anki now supports TTS out of the box, at least for system voices, but most notable is recent introduction of Azure’s neural voices, which are significantly more natural than any others supported by AwesomeTTS or Anki. They are close to the point of being able to generate whole sentences naturally, and frankly anyone using TTS to generate audio for their cards should look at switching over to them.

    1. Olle Linge says:

      Thank you for your comment! Yes, this definitely needs an update. Development in TTS is pretty fast, and even if everything doesn’t trickle down to free flashcard apps like Anki, a lot has happened since this was published. I’ll see if I can write an update soon. I still don’t think synthesised audio is good enough for pronunciation practice, but it does work well for listening practice in general and is certainly better than nothing.

  7. Michal says:

    That’s a great article. I do have one problem though. This type of Anki set up only helps us to improve our recognition, but what about recall? Is there a way to reverse the cards using Chinese Support Redux? What is the best way, the best template to learn Chinese characters/words?

    1. Olle Linge says:

      Yes, the whole purpose of this type of setup is to practise recognition (that’s implied by dictation practice, after all). Personally, I have never relied heavily on flashcards for speaking. I’ve found it much more valuable to focus on input. When I do want to focus on speaking, which is only for specific words or phrases, I think cloze deletion usually works best. I doubt there is an ideal/best template to use, it all depends. If you want to reverse the order of the cards, that can be done very easily, provided you know the basics of Anki, just create another card template that changes what’s put on the front/back of the flashcards! You can find more info here: https://apps.ankiweb.net/docs/manual20.html#cards-and-templates

  8. Gregor says:

    This article is REALLY REALLY REALLY AMAZING
    I wasted so many hours with making flash cards, having a bad design, then being unmotivated and not reviewing, and finally giving up on them

    With this setup I finally see the light and made flashcards work for me
    Thanks so much Olle, going to sign up for the pronunciation course next when it’s available again 😄

    1. Olle Linge says:

      Hi Gregor! So happy to hear it worked out for you! This article is actually very high on my list of articles to rewrite, mostly because the TTS is so much better these days. If you did this recently in Anki, did you notice anything you think I should keep in mind when rewriting the article? Any other experiences or thoughts you think would be worth bringing up? Thanks!

  9. Frank says:

    Hi Olle,
    thanks for the insights.
    What is the status of your plans for relaunch of your article?
    Frank

  10. Olle Linge says:

    I’ve now bumped the priority a bit! I can’t promise when I will have time to do it, but it could be sooner rather than later!

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